Speech Valedictory Speech Essay - 936 Words

Valedictory Speech As we stand here today celebrating we are all united by a common thread. What could you or I possibly have in common with Mr MacMaster or Mrs Symes? We are all unique individuals! How appropriate that our College Mission Statement start with: â€Å"to celebrate the uniqueness of each individual.† My schooling at St Andrew started 13 years ago, as a Prep student. We were all a little ‘green’, similar to fragile seedlings of a fruit tree. This was our beginnings of formal education, where we absorbed a stimulus of creative learning. We were all little seedlings the same species but we were intrinsically different. Here we were matured, guided by not only our teachers but by the college as a whole. Gradually we grew into our uniforms and backpacks that once resembled a snails shell. Moving through junior school, we were juvenile but curious about the world around us and a need to understand it. Middle School continued to cultivate behaviours that strengthen our roots and branches. Here we soared to new heights with the introduction of subject selection and timetables, along with puberty. Just when we thought we held a secret weapon, they taught us about the evils of plagiarism. This is probably when most of our cohort experimented with ideas. Some with n ot the best outcomes and Mr Chris was forever pruning our egos and hormone levels to an acceptable level. But mistakes are blessing, right? We can learn from our mistakes by exploring otherShow MoreRelatedValedictory Speech1578 Words   |  7 PagesValedictory Speech Few will have the greatness to bend history itself; but each of us can work  to change a small portion of events, and in the total of all those acts will be  written the history of this generation. Yes, ours would be a generation to remember, also to cherish. A very happy morning to one and all present here. The ability to grow from childishness to maturity, from perplexity to lucidity has been unwearingly nurtured and prudently inculcated by a significant number of peopleRead MoreVote of Thanks1637 Words   |  7 Pageswelcome speech and vote of thanks are some of the responsibilities bestowed on us if we work in an organisation. Alas! I am faced with the puzzle of how to give vote of thanks. Did you have to face this situation? Well, you need not panic. First and foremost, we need to understand that there is no vote of thanks template, be it a vote of thanks for farewell party or a vote of thanks for teachers day. But of course we need to keep in mind certain guidelines before preparing for a speech and presentationRead MoreReflection Of Illusion1635 Words   |  7 Pagesof Illusion I stare blankly at the blinking caret. Propped up snugly against three quilted pillows and one calculus textbook is my laptop. To be more specific, a laptop opened to an empty Microsoft Word document. Writing a speech is no easy task, but writing a valedictory address is like playing darts with spaghetti. Humbly accepting the position as the class valedictorian, I have been graced with the task of writing an excerpt that would fill my classmates’ hearts with both comfort and motivationRead MoreMartin Luther King975 Words   |  4 PagesThe month of May is set aside each year to celebrate African American History. When you think of Black History month, the first thing that we all think about is the historical speech, â€Å"I have a dream†. However, he did so much more than just present the speech that we all are familiar with had moral values that he stood for and was the leader of many civil right movements. This man is known as Martin Luther King. He was born on J anuary 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Jr.’s parents were ReverendRead MoreThe Narrator As An Invisible Man1305 Words   |  6 Pagesinvited to give his high school valedictory speech in front of leading white men in his community. When the Narrator arrives to give his speech, he is forced to participate in a boxing style competition, along with several other boys, for the entertainment of the white men in attendance. Invisible Man and the boys are then made to further humiliate themselves by having to grab coins off of an electrified rug. Once this is over, the Narrator is allowed to give his speech. The men love it until the NarratorRead MoreEssay on Dbq Anerican Revolution1205 Words   |  5 Pagesgave some power to the states. The Framers also added a Bill of Rights to dissuade Antifederalists that the new government gave too much power to the national government. This Bill of Rights protected American many civil liberties such as freedom of speech and assembly; ri ght to bear arms and a fair trial; as well as freedom of religion. Pre-Revolution, England had imposed its religion on the colonies, however, after the war, states began to guarantee freedom of worship as evidenced by the â€Å"StatutesRead MoreSlideshow Alley : Event Management Plan1674 Words   |  7 Pagesschool-wide event. Which will include planning, organization and staging of the event. Although students will be planning the event as a group, individual report will be required. Objectives The objectives of the event: †¢ To raise money for the Year 12 Valedictory †¢ Increase involvement and entertainment within the school †¢ To motivate students in BCT class particularly Year 12’s with direct experience of enterprise †¢ Develop skills related to creativity, entrepreneurship and innovation. Concept The typeRead MoreTo What Extent Did the American Revolution Fundamentally Change Politically, Socially, and Economically in America?884 Words   |  4 Pagesclothing for the American forces to utilize. Document J, a valedictory address by Molly Wallace from the Young Ladies’ Academy of Pennsylvania notifies us that friendly encouragement allowed herself to overcome apprehension due to sex, youth, and inexperience which will be an example that women can do anything they set their mind to and that if women are not denied the right to read, moreover they should not be denied the right to speak. Her speech increased discussion of educational opportunities forRead MoreGraduation by Maya Angelou Critique1386 Words   |  6 Pagesthat part of Arkansas† (Angelou 29). Angelou understands that Donleavy’s speech is a mere preliminary towards his election. After Donleavy finishes his speech, he leaves as quickly as he entered the auditorium. The remainder of graduation is lost in the unpleasantness that was left behind. Angelou claims that her own name has lost its meaning. Henry Reed delivers his valedictory address to the students. After his speech, he turns to the graduating class and leads them in singing the Negro nationalRead MoreRules And Requirements Of The Records Required From A Hui Meeting1499 Words   |  6 Pagesgreeting †¢ hui– any kind of gathering, including weddings, funerals and meetings †¢ iwi– tribe, people †¢ kai– food †¢ karanga- performed by women †¢ kawa– marae procedure †¢ koha– a gift of money, given by the manuhiri to the tangatawhenau †¢ korero – talk, speech, narrative †¢ maihi– barge boards of the meeting house, arms of ancestor †¢ mana– prestige †¢ manuhiri– visitos to the marae †¢ maoritanga– the Maori way of life †¢ marae– area of land in front of the meeting house or, more loosly, the area occupied by

The Lady Tasting Te Summary - 1124 Words

The Lady Tasting Tea: Summary of the book The lady tasting tea takes the reader on a fascinating trip in the history of the statistical revolution. The contributions of many brilliant minds to the field of statistics as well as their personal lives and historical perspectives were described. The story began in a sunny afternoon in Cambridge in the 1920s. A group of scientists was having a tea party when a lady claimed that there was a difference in taste between the cups where tea was poured into milk and the cups where milk was poured into tea. Sir Ronald Fisher who became a famous statistician suggested an experiment to test the lady’s hypothesis. The story then goes to the 1890s when the statistical revolution started. Karl Pearson was considered by many as the founder of mathematical statistics. Pearson discovered the skew distributions stating that they would cover any type of data scatter and he described these distributions by four numbers; mean, standard deviation, kurtosis and symmetry. Later a Polish mathematician, Jerzy Neyman showed that Pearson’s skew distributions can not be used to explain all possible distributions. Sir Francis Galton who discovered fingerprints was also interested in statistics and he founded a biometrical laboratory to mea sure height and weights in families to find a mathematical formula that predict the height of children from the heights of their parents. He described regression to the mean where heights of the children moved away fromShow MoreRelatedMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pages441 441 CASE STUDIES A summary of the case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the

Opportunities Their Respective Potentials †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Opportunities Their Respective Potentials? Answer: Introducation The case organization Nokia, is Finnish multinational in information technology and communication business. The company has several divisions/avenues through which it operates and transacts business. Among these divisions is the handset division which has a reputation across the world for its durable and reliable handsets with wide market acceptance across the world. (Pai, 2015). Project topic In the year 2014 Nokia Corporation sold its handset making division to Microsoft Corporation and decided to focus on its other areas of its telecommunication business. However three years later in 2017 Nokia is making a comeback into mobile phones market by introduction of a trio three of Nokia branded phones running on Android operating s namely Nokia 6, 5 and 3. One of the biggest opportunities Nokia Corporation can leverage on as it attempts to gain a market share in Smartphone business is their brand name. Many consumers still recognize Nokia phones because of their reliability and durability. Perception is everything in sales once a product has a good perception in the market even if it disappear for a while consumes will likely receive it back well if its re-introduced. The phones also tend to have much higher resale value compared to other brands which exist in the market. They are also easy to use and the lower segment of the Smartphone market will likely prefer Nokia brands over competition. The price range is also wide which in turn translates to wider market for the Nokia brand of handsets. (Leelakulthanit and Hongcharu, 2012) Purpose of the research Therefore, the purpose of this research is to carry out an investigation into opportunities available to Nokia for its handset division even as it embarks on reintroducing the devices back into the market. The research will analyze and highlight these opportunities to Nokia Corporation and make recommendation on how best it can tab on them in order to successfully re-launch its handset product back into the marketing. (Allen, Graupera and Lundrigan, 2010) The following concepts/theories relate to this topic. PESTLE analysis SWOT analysis The research will take the form of single case study in the name of Nokia corporation handset division as a unit of analysis. The secondary data will be collected from a number of previously done researches on the same topic as well as other forms of publications that fall within the area of study of this particular research. In particular the research will leverage on the following industry reports Global Market Analysis and Outlook: Disruption In Change Market (Anon, 2017) and Smartphones Market Trends (Strategyr.com, 2017) among other industry related reports. The research will also draw secondary data from Nokias annual reports (Nokia, 2011; Nokia 2012; Nokia 2014). The information will be used to indentify opportunities available in Smartphone sectors and draw comparisons to Nokias opportunities. The research will utilize both qualitative and quantitative data analysis to identify Smartphone market opportunities available in the market and quantify these opportunities to see the ir respective potentials. References Allen, S., Graupera, V. and Lundrigan, L. (2010). Pro Smartphone Cross-Platform Development. Berkeley, CA: Apress. Anon, (2017). Global Smartphone Market Analysis and Outlook: Disruption in a Changing Market. [online] Available at: https://www.lenovo.com/transactions/pdf/CCS-Insight-Smartphone-Market-Analysis-Full-Report-07-2014.pdf [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Behrer, M. (2011). How Cool Brands Stay Hot. Kogan Page. DePamphilis, D. (2016). Mergers, acquisitions, and other restructuring activities. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. Ford, C. (2013). Smartphone Apps on the Mobile Web: An Exploratory Case Study of Business Models. SSRN Electronic Journal. Lee, G. (2016). Analysis of Characteristics of Smartphone M-Commerce Users. The e-Business Studies, 17(1), p.173. Leelakulthanit, O. and Hongcharu, B. (2012). Factors Influencing Smartphone Repurchase. Journal of Business Economics Research (JBER), 10(11), p.623. Mallegg, K. (2014).Business plans handbook. Nicholson, A., Elad, J. and Stolarz, D. (2010). Starting an iPhone application business for dummies. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Pai, V. (2015). Nokia Ltd: Travails of a Market Leader. Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective, 19(3), pp.276-285. Strategyr.com. (2017). Smartphones Market Trends. [online] Available at: https://www.strategyr.com/MarketResearch/Smartphones_Smart_Mobile_Phones_Market_Trends.asp [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Tavana, M. (2012). Developing business strategies and identifying risk factors in modern organizations. Zammetti, F. (2013). Pro iOS and Android Apps for Business. Berkeley, CA: Apress.

Tyger Essay Example For Students

Tyger Essay The TygerIn the poem the tyger William Blake shows a lot of symbolism, imagery, and irony. He likes to explain to his audience how he writes with all the knowledge he knows. Reading this poem makes me think of how a person feels when he is taken advantage of at work. Like when ones work is difficult to cope with, suffering, and pain is all that is left. It seems to that in the end all the pain endured happens to what is left for this person and suffering is what hurts the most. William Blake shows symbolism in this part of the poem, In the forest of the night,. (line 2). This part shows that you can be trapped from your work or even your life. what immortal hand or eye could frame thy fearful symmetry?' ( line 3-4). This part shows how much struggle he has in his life and all the pain he feels in his life. in what distant deeps or skies burnt the fire of thine eyes. (line 5-6). He shows his emotions and how much anger that was built up in his heart. He feels like crying because he is frustrated. What the hammer? What the chain. ( line 13). This shows that his been treated like a slave and has endured what slaves endued like working on the rail roads. We will write a custom essay on Tyger specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When the stars threw down their spears, and watered with their tears, (lines 17-8). Shows that he has mellowed down and is ready to accept all that has happen to him. Did he smile his work to see? Did he who made the lamb make thee? ( lines 19-20). He is talking to god and its bringing out his emotions. Asking for forgiveness and wants to be treated normal in his life. Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright in the forest of the night, ( lines 21-22). This phrase started in the beginning and ended at the end. Its because its the true meaning behind the whole poem no matter what you do or how hard you work there is always something that gonna take you down. throughout the poem I have seen a lot of Irony and symbolism. The parts that I chose from the poem brings out a lot of pain, suffering, hard work. Reading this poem makes me think a lot about life. Because it reminds me of how I feel sometimes when I am angry and bothered I feel sometimes. Question myself sometimes and ask god for all the sins I may commit. That feeling all this anger in my heart really shows how the poem explains. I am truly thankful for what god has given to us and people all over are suffering and I understand the true meaning in life.

The Big Bang and the Origin of Everything

The Big Bang and the Origin of Everything How did the universe begin? Thats a question scientists and philosophers have pondered throughout history as they looked at the starry sky above. Its the job of astronomy and astrophysics to provide an answer. However, its not an easy one to tackle. An artists concept of what the Big Bang might have looked like, if anybody had been around to see it. HENNING DALHOFF / Getty Images The first major glimmerings of an answer came from the sky in 1964. Thats when astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a microwave signal buried in data they were taking to look for signals being bounced from Echo balloon satellites. They assumed at the time that it was simply unwanted noise and attempted to filter out the signal. The antenna that Penzias and Wilson were using when they stumbled across the signals from the cosmic background radiation heralding the birth of the universe. Fabioj, CC BY-SA 3.0 However, it turns out that what they detected was coming from a time shortly after the beginning of the universe. Although they didnt know it at the time, they had discovered the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The CMB had been predicted by a theory called the Big Bang, which suggested that the universe began as a densely hot point in space and suddenly expanded outward.  The two mens discovery was the first evidence of that primordial event. The Big Bang What started the birth of the universe? According to physics, the universe sprang into existence from a singularity - a term physicists use to describe regions of space that defy the laws of physics. They know very little about singularities, but its known that such regions exist in the cores of black holes. Its a region where all the mass gobbled up by a black hole gets squeezed into a tiny point, infinitely massive, but also very, very small. Imagine cramming Earth into something the size of a pinpoint. A singularity would be smaller. Thats not to say the universe began as a black hole, however. Such an assumption would raise the question of something existing before the Big Bang, which is pretty speculative. By definition, nothing existed prior to the beginning, but that fact creates more questions than answers. For instance, if nothing existed prior to the Big Bang, what caused the singularity to be created in the first place? Its a gotcha question astrophysicists are still trying to understand.   However, once the singularity was created (however it happened), physicists have a good idea of what occurred next. The universe was in a hot, dense state and began to expand through a process called inflation. It went from very small and very dense, to a very hot state. Then, it cooled as it expanded.  This process is now referred to as the Big Bang, a term first coined by Sir Fred Hoyle during a British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) radio broadcast in 1950. Although the term implies some kind of explosion, there really wasn’t an outburst or a bang. It was really the rapid expansion of space and time. Think of it like blowing up a balloon: as someone blows air in, the exterior of the balloon expands outward. The Moments after the Big Bang The very early universe (at a time a few fractions of a second after the Big Bang began) was not bound by the laws of physics as we know them today. So, no one can predict with great accuracy what the universe looked like at that time. Yet, scientists have been able to construct an approximate representation of how the universe evolved. First, the infant universe was initially so hot and dense that even elementary particles  such as protons and neutrons could not exist. Instead, different types of matter (called matter and anti-matter) collided together, creating pure energy. As the universe began to cool during the first few minutes, protons and neutrons began to form. Slowly, protons, neutrons, and electrons came together to form hydrogen and small amounts of helium. During the billions of years that followed, stars, planets, and galaxies formed to create the current universe. Evidence for the Big Bang So, back to Penzias and Wilson and the CMB.  What they found (and for which they won a Nobel Prize), is often described as the â€Å"echo† of the Big Bang. It left behind a signature of itself, just like an echo heard in a canyon represents a â€Å"signature† of the original sound. The difference is that instead of an audible echo, the Big Bangs clue is a heat signature throughout all of space. That signature has been specifically studied by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) spacecraft and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). Their data provide the clearest evidence for the cosmic birth event.   The detailed, all-sky picture of the infant universe created from seven years of WMAP data. The image reveals 13.7 billion year old temperature fluctuations (shown as color differences) that correspond to the seeds that grew to become the galaxies. NASA / WMAP Science Team Alternatives to the Big Bang Theory While the Big Bang theory is the most widely accepted model that explains the origins of the universe and is supported by all the observational evidence, there are other models that use the same evidence to tell a slightly different story. Some theorists argue that the Big Bang theory is based on a false premise - that the universe is built on an ever-expanding space-time. They suggest a static universe, which is what was originally predicted by Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Einstein’s theory was only later modified to accommodate the way the universe appears to be expanding.  And, expansion is a big part of the story, particularly as it involves the existence of  dark energy. Finally, a recalculation of the mass of the universe seems to support the Big Bang theory of events.   While our understanding of the actual events is still incomplete, CMB data are helping shape the theories that explain the birth of the cosmos. Without the Big Bang, no stars, galaxies, planets, or life could exist.   Fast Facts The Big Bang is the name given to the birth event of the universe.The Big Bang is thought to have occurred when something kicked off the expansion of a tiny singularity, some 13.8 billion years ago.Light from shortly after the Big Bang is detectable as the cosmic microwave radiation (CMB). It represents light from a time when the newborn universe was lighting up some 380,000 years after the Big Bang occurred. Sources â€Å"The Big Bang.†Ã‚  NASA, NASA, www.nasa.gov/subject/6890/the-big-bang/.NASA, NASA, science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang.â€Å"The Origins of the Universe.†Ã‚  National Geographic, National Geographic, 24 Apr. 2017, www.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/origins-of-the-universe/. Updated and edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Interview Nailing Your Digital Book Launch

Interview Nailing Your Digital Book Launch How To Nail Your Digital Book Launch: An interview with Mike Belsito When we chat with authors about their book launch, the same things often come up: a signing in a book store, a few giveaways to reviewers/journalists and an email to the mailing list. Authors rarely think about leveraging â€Å"existing platforms† to put their book in front of thousands of online readers; they’re often too shy to reach out to influencers, or are unsure about how to do it.So we decided to interview an author who decided to go for another approach. Mike Belsito carefully planned his book launch and had his book, â€Å"Startup Seed Funding for the Rest of Us†, rise to the top of Product Hunt and Amazon.He got some of the most influential people in his genre to spread the word about his launch - he didn’t know them personally before - and built a solid street team while writing the book that helped him take advantage of Amazon’s algorithms!Watch the video for a good dose of positive energy and startup creativity, or read some of the b est parts below. But more importantly, tell us about your own experience in the comments!What is the â€Å"product launch† mentality? How can it apply to books?â€Å"Well this is the first time that I’ve written a book. It has been a really interesting process, because I’ve launched several products before, but I’ve never written and launched a book. So I went about the process thinking really as if it was a product.Even in the beginning as I was writing it, I was constantly thinking: â€Å"how am I going to get the word out; how am I going to actually launch this?†. Fast-forwarding all the way to the end, the book launch was pretty successful, even though I was completely on my own (I’m an â€Å"indie author†). The book made it all the way to the top of Product Hunt, was featured on Inc Magazine and on Huffington Post. At one point, it was the #1 best selling startup book on Amazon.com, which was pretty amazing!†How did you go about creating an â€Å"insider group†?â€Å"There are a few things I did that I think ultimately really helped me. One of them was opening up the process to anybody who wanted to be part of it. I did this early on because writing this was awesome but it was also a lonely experience in that I was writing the book by myself.So I decided to create an â€Å"insider group†, for anybody who’d want to have an inside view of the process. They could literally have access to the Word file, and I’d bounce questions off the members of this group. That was incredibly helpful because it allowed me to get feedback throughout the whole writing process. It’s just like having a beta group for a product that you’re building.The good thing about this group is that when the time came to actually get the book out there, I already had a group of committed people who were all happy to spread the word!How did you communicate with this â€Å"insider group† vs other fans?I was keeping two separate lists: my insider group list, and a list of people who were interested in the book when it came out and who I signed on through my blog. Because I realized that not everybody wants to be involved in the creation process, some people just wanted to see the finished product. And I knew that there would be because in the product world, it’s the exact same thing: there’s a difference between early evangelists, early adopters and late adopters.Now the book is out there, these two lists are kind of one and the same, but should I write another book now, I’ll definitely be going back to that insider group to see if they want to sign up for the same experience.But how can this work in fiction?There’s this fiction author who I’ve met, Rebecca Howard, and she writes paranormal novels - basically ghost stories. She has the same sort of process, and it works for her because people who are generally interested in the para normal genre are often attracted to that part of the process too.She also uses a very similar process as I do to launch her books: she networks a lot with what I would call â€Å"influencers† in her genre. So maybe it works particularly well in non-fiction, but I think it can work in fiction as well.How do you actually get these â€Å"influencers† to promote your work?Well I once had a startup called eFuneral and we raised some startup capital. So I had some loose connections with some startup investors (VCs, angels, etc.), but very few would be considered â€Å"household names†. However, as I was starting to write this book - just like I had this group of beta readers - I sort of force-created another beta group of influencers.These people, whether they wanted to be or not, were in my influencer list. But I didn’t treat it like a list, I didn’t send mass emails or stuff like that. I only sent personal emails every now and then to these folks askin g for feedback: ‘Hey, I’m writing this book, it’s on a topic I’m really passionate about because of my background and I’d really love your feedback’.Throughout, some of these people did respond, and were supportive - even if just through some general encouragement. Of course, a lot of others wouldn’t even respond, but my hope was that by the time the book actually came out, some of them might be able to spread the word. This is no different to when I was raising capital and talking to angel investors and venture capitalists. Investors don’t like to invest in companies that they’ve just heard of for the first time ever. Usually, they like to meet you early on and then follow your progress. So that’s how I was trying to treat the book.About 3-4 weeks before the book launch, I sent all of them a draft of the book so they could have early access to it. And once the book was live on Amazon, I sent another email to each of them saying â€Å"hey, I don’t know if you’ve had the chance to read the book, but if so,   I would love an honest review from you and it’d be amazing if you could help me spread the word about the launch.† I made it easy for them to do that, using to just create a link that they could click to get a pre-made tweet.Sure enough, on the morning of the book launch, there were 3 or 4 major influencers who either tweeted about the book or retweeted one of my posts! These were people like Brad Feld, Mark Suster and Steve Case. They absolutely helped me move the needle.How did you keep this great momentum after your book launch?That’s really what I’m focusing on right now, and trying to see if there are things I could be doing differently. I’ve been grateful to be asked to go on all sorts of podcasts. I don’t know if that will move the needle or not, but I’ll continue to do it because I love doing it.I think a book tour could be interesting. In my case, I think I wouldn’t do a traditional book tour, but rather a series of Meetups. I could definitely see myself doing a series of Meetups in different cities on ‘raising startup seed capital’. I’d want to keep it very organic. Startup events and speaking opportunities are another thing I’ll look for.In terms of other ways, I have been asked to write for other publications (like startups.co), so that’s exciting. But I also try to think about this in different ways too: ‘what can I do that’s completely different and hasn’t been done before’?It’s really the point that I’m at, so what I’m going to do is I’m going to try out a bunch of things and I’ll let you know in a couple of months what has worked and what has not!Follow Mike and Reedsy on Twitter:  @belsito  and  @ReedsyHQHave you developed a core reading group like Mike’s â€Å"insider group†? Does it help you launch your books? Have you tried reaching out to influencers in your genre? Share your thoughts, or any question for Mike, in the comments below!

Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Essay - 2

Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies - Essay Example Its marketing strategy is decent but there is room for improvement. Even so, its reputation has been hurt because of violation of not only its code of conduct but also other laws (Klein 2011). This has been detrimental, but Apple is trying its best to make right the situation. Apple Corporation has a code of conduct that sets out its suppliers’ ethical and social responsibility. On its website, it outlines that suppliers ought to treat workers in an ethical manner and fairly at all times. In addition, each worker has the right to healthy and safe work area, it integrates environmental responsibility into its processes and products, and that it goes deep into the supply chain in order to enforce its standards and solve problems (Apple Inc., 2014). Despite having a code of conduct, Apple has not met these responsibilities effectively. For instance, Kaiser (2012), reports that Foxconn, the main supplier of Apple located in China, subjects employees to long working hours, they are paid peanuts and work in conditions that are unsafe, all for the mere reason of prompt assembling of iPods, iPhones and iPads. Additionally, the supplier also releases its waste into sewages, a contravention to its environmental responsibility. These violations have been detr imental to Apple, especially with the lack of an elucidation. Publication of the violations against ethical and social responsibilities occasioned by Apple’s suppliers has been detrimental. After hiring an external organization to conduct an investigation into the allegedly forceful overtime, destitute working conditions, and child labor in its suppliers in the Chinese market, the investigation confirmed the allegations and they were included in the company’s annual reports. Besides, the New York Times released a report after investigating the company and finding that its American workers

Symbolic interactions on homosexuality-a sociological perspective Research Paper

Symbolic interactions on homosexuality-a sociological perspective - Research Paper Example From the US General Social Record, Smelser (2002) indicates that the debate of homosexuality is not likely to be solved any time soon. An analysis of the questionnaires filled and records of interviews, it is evident, that many people have begun embracing homosexuality as a form of living. The blatant question of whether people of the same sex should marry recorded a tremendous 78% out of the 2000 respondents interviewed by Smelser (2002). These results were categorized on the degree of acceptance, and out of the 78%, majority were those that strongly agreed on homosexuality and legalization. Though Smelser (2002) did not find out the exact reasons why the majority agree to homosexuality, he argues that majority of the respondents were completely sure of their answers. He recommends the use of theoretical approach in an attempt to investigate the reasons behind the rising cases of homosexuality marriages. This case study will undertake a survey of the theoretical approach in an attempt to understand why so many people, especially the youth are violating the rule relating to violation on homosexuality. Among the theories that will put under study are the symbolic interaction theory on social deviance in regard to homosexuality, Kenneth’s labeling theory and the sexual stigma on homosexuality as well as Blumer, Cooley, Mead, and Kinsey’s theories. Survey on the contributions of these theories to homosexuality will be scrutinized at all points of view in an endeavor to find answers on the homosexuality issue. The symbolic interaction theory According to Benard and Mahood (2006), symbolic interaction theory is one of the best approaches in the study of marriages and relationships, especially controversial ones like homosexuality, its causes and effects in the society. A simple description of symbolic interaction theory may be explained as, beliefs that are created in relation to the symbols attached to them. These symbols may range from forms of language, objects, people, and perceptions of people amongst others. The symbolic interaction theory makes an initiative of defining how people shape realities in life and the effect of these symbols in their subsequent life. Ellis (1988) argues that the symbolic interaction theory renders people to attaching various connotations to symbols in the society, ultimately, majority end up acting in accordance to their own prejudiced interpretation of what the symbols mean in their lives. Other people will not undertake research to verify their course of action rather acts on what they think and feel is right. This is evident from the verbal discussions, whereby the uttered words play the role of symbols. Spoken words have specific meanings that are sent to the receivers of the message; the sender hopes that the message that he or she intended to send is received in its totality despite the various barriers to communication. This theory, however, intends to bring to light the fact that human beings are not static and that thy have innate feelings

The Self in Human Communication Essay Example for Free

The Self in Human Communication Essay Looking-glass self— the image of yourself that others reveal to you through the way they communicate with you b. Comparisons between yourself amp; others (you gain a different perspective when you see yourself in comparison to your peers) c. Your cultural experiences (these experiences provide benchmarks against which you can measure yourself; for example, your ability to achieve what your culture defines as success contributes to a positive self-concept) d. Self-interpretations amp; self-evaluations; your evaluation of your own thoughts amp; behaviors i. Self-interpretations- your reconstruction of the incident amp; your understanding of it ii. Self-evaluations- the value-good or bad- that you place on the behavior B. Self-awareness- your knowledge of who you are; of your traits, your strengths amp; limitations, your emotions amp; behaviors, amp; your individuality (basic to all communication) 1. Your 4 Selves (Johari Window); divided into four areas or â€Å"panes,† the Johari window shows different aspects or versions of the self (4 areas are not separate from one another, but interdependent; when one area gets larger, one or another becomes smaller). Open self- represents all the information, behaviors, attitudes, amp; feelings about yourself that you know amp; that others also know (varies according to your personality amp; the people to whom you’re relating) b. Blind self- represents knowledge about you that others have but you don’t (Example: habits you don’t realize you have); a large blind self indicates low self-awareness and interferes with accurate communication c. Unknown self- represents those parts of yourself that neither you nor others know (could be revealed during hypnosis or in dreams) Hidden self- represents all of the knowledge you have of yourself but keep secret from others (successfully kept secrets) 2. Growing in Self-Awareness (important in communication) a. Listen to others- feedback you need to increase self-awareness b. Increase your open self-increases the chances others will reveal what they know about you c. Seek information about yourself- use everyday situations to encourage people to reveal what they know about you; seek in moderation d. Dialogue with yourself; no one knows you better than you know yourself; ask yourself self-awareness questions Self-esteem- a measure of how valuable you think you are 1. Ways to increase self-esteem; increasing self-esteem will help you to function more effectively in school, in interpersonal relationships, amp; in careers) a. Attack self-destructive beliefs- set unrealistically high standards amp; therefore almost always lead to failure ii. Examples of self-destructive beliefs: 1. The belief that you have to be perfect; this causes you to try to perform at unrealistically high levels at work, school, amp; home; anything short of perfection is unacceptable The belief that you have to please others amp; that your worthiness depends on what others think of you 3. The belief that you have to take on more responsibilities than any one person can be expected to handle b. Seek out nourishing people (also seek to become more nourishing) i. Noxious Vs. Nourishing People 1. Noxious people criticize amp; find fault with just about everything 2. Nourishing people are positive amp; optimistic; they reward us, stroke us, and make us feel good about ourselves c. Work on projects that will result in success (if a project does fail, realize this does not mean that you’re a failure) Remind yourself of your success (only focus on failures if your objective is to correct what you did wrong or identify the skills you need to correct those failures) e. Secure affirmation- positive statements about you, statements asserting that something good or positive is true of you (focus on your good deeds, your positive qualities, strengths, amp; virtues) II. Self-disclosure A. Self-disclosure. Who you are- individuals who are more sociable, extroverted, comfortable communicating, competent, amp; self-confident are more willing to disclose 2. Your culture- various cultures view self-disclosure differently 3. Your gender- women generally disclose more about relational topics than men with certain exceptions; in initial encounters men will disclose more intimately than women, perhaps to control the relationship’s development; also in a study between Americans amp; Argentineans males indicated a significantly greater willingness to self-disclose than females. Your listeners- self-disclosure is more likely to occur in dyads (groups of 2 people) or small groups than in larger groups; we disclose to people we like amp; trust, amp; to those that disclose to us (dyadic effect- what one person does, the other also does; not universal across all cultures- Americans are likely to follow dyadic effect while Koreans aren’t) 5. Your topic amp; channel- we disclose more positive information about superficial topics (job or hobbies over sex life or financial situation); individuals are more likely to disclose online (disinhibition effect- people seem less inhibited in communicating in e-mail or in social network sites than in face-to-face situations) C. The Rewards amp; Dangers of Self-Disclosure 1. Rewards a. Self-knowledge- helps you gain a new perspective on yourself amp; a deeper understanding of your own behavior b. Improved coping abilities- helps you deal with problems, especially guilt (receiving support rather than rejection) c. Communication enhancement- you understand the messages of others largely to the extent that you understand the individuals; when they are serious or joking, or being sarcastic out of fear or resentment) d. More meaningful relationships- tells others you trust, respect, amp; care enough about them and your relationship to reveal yourself 2. Dangers a. Personal risks-the more you reveal about yourself, the more areas of your life you expose to possible attack; the more they know the more they can use against you (competition or romance).

A Non-religious Contract In America Essay examples -- essays research

A Non-Religious Contract in America The religious standards of Americans today have plummeted to a new low. Fewer people are going to church than earlier in the century. Many people are marrying without even going to a priest by getting a judge to marry them. Divorce is steadily on the rise. Today's society accepts homosexuals! Now the issue arises over whether we should allow homosexuals to marry. And you know what? It is really none of the government's business. America can no longer deny its homosexual citizens the right to have a legal marriage. Looking at today's society, we can see that there is no good reason to deny gay couples the rights that straight couples have in getting married. The United States has always had the idea of separation of church and state, and marriage is one issue that must maintain that idealogy in the eyes of the government. The key to separating church and state in the debate over marriage is taking the definition of marriage that best applies to society today. To do that we must look at marriage's state in the 1990's. Religion is losing its dominance in the issue of marriage. We cannot argue the fact that there are more divorces in the country today that there were 20 years ago. This points to America's increasing acceptance of divorce. Therefore, we can conclude that religion has become less of an issue for many Americans when marrying because most religions strongly discourage divorce, some to the point of not allowing it at all. This leads to the question, "What is today's basis for marriage?" Some propose that the sole purpose of marriage be to bring life into the world. If this were true, then it would be unacceptable for many in this country to ever be married. There are many women and men who simply do not want to have children. Should we condemn them and not allow them to marry just because of this view? Should we not allow those who are physically unable to have children to experience the joy and happiness that marriage brings? Those who cannot bear children of their own can adopt children; would we rather they raised that child without one or the other parental figure? Obviously society does not operate with this as the basis for marriage. So the argument that homosexuals should not m... ...ns for the government to be involved in making the decision of whether two people will be uphold that "contract." The marriage of two heterosexual people, no matter how public they may be, has no impact on the lives of everyday citizens. This will be true for homosexual couples as well. The government only needs to be involved in what affects the rest of the public. Thus, the only thing that it is acceptable for the government to regulate is how one's marriage should relate to the objective parts of society (such as taxes). The government does not have the right to decide who should and should not be allowed to get married. The United States prides itself on separating issues of the church from state related issues, and it must do the same with this one. Though some religious groups may have problems with allowing homosexuals to marry, America as a whole must not be so restrictive. The American government must look at marriage as strictly a financial issue, because the only parts of marriage that the government actually gets involved in are the financial issues. Let line #3a be filled by anyone, gay or straight.

John Milton’s’ poem “When I consider how my light is spent” Essay

John Milton’s’ poem â€Å"When I consider how my light is spent† is a great piece of art that he creates during his blindness. The sarcasm and the word choice in this poem also have a great impact on how he masts feel. Milton also presents us with a key point on how God plays an important part in his point of view and his life. One of the best thing of this poem is the tone and the feelings that where put into it. Looking at John Milton life through one of his best piece of art â€Å"When I consider how my light is spent.† Milton starts the poem with a feel of sadness and a sense of being useless, and this is so because of his blindness which he became in 1651. â€Å"Ere half my days in this dark world and wide, And that one talent which is death to hide Lodged with me useless†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Milton 1050) This gives a sense of sadness coming from him and he also introduces a caption on behalf of sarcasm to say that he feels sometimes that he doesn’t want to live anymore. â€Å"He refers to death with sarcasm as a talent† (Darr) â€Å"And that one talent which is death to hide† (1050). At this point john Milton is not so happy with his life but there is something that keeps him going on with a day to day life. So many time mast have John Milton wanted to stop the way he lived in a dark world but he knew he would have to take an account on how he lived his life to his maker, God. â€Å"He will serve his Maker no matter how he is suffering as he will have to present to Him a â€Å"true account† of his life. He will do this in case he is chided when he returns to God and is asked if he carried on with his day to day life even without his eye sight† (Darr). He must have feel really depress at first but he knew that if he got use to it and live like everything was going to be better he was going to be just find. And also that in doing this he had nothing to fear after his death because he would have live his life to the fullness that he could. Plus he knew that if he continues with his day to day life God would never part apart from him. Milton is confused to what he should do and soon ask why this has happen to him and what should he do with his live. â€Å"â€Å"Doth God exact day-labor, light denied†Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I fondly ask. But patience, to prevent That murmur, soon replies, God doth not need Either man’s work or His own gifts. Who best Bear His mild yoke, they serve Him best.† (1050) As we can see he answers his own question saying that he doesn’t need to work for God or give him gifts but just believe in him and continue with his day to day and be patience. He also states that he should not worry about satisfying God because he is served by thousands and if he waits kindly they will also serve him. â€Å"thousands at His bidding† and â€Å"They also serve who only stand and wait† (1050). John Milton blindness might have stopped him from during many things but he surely didn’t stop doing what he loved. He continue writing and doing his day to day living for he might one day have to present his Maker an account of his live and his faith. â€Å"Milton’s faith in God seems to give him the courage to face his life despite his blindness. It is this faith that seems to give him courage and patience to cope and also gives him the hope that salvation lies for those who wait in patience (Darr). John Milton continue with his live even though he was blind but this didn’t stop him because he was doing what he loved and also because of his faith in God. Milton, John. â€Å"When I consider how my light is spent.† 1931. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, writing, 9 ed. Michael Meyers, Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2012. 1050. Print Darr, Shaheen. â€Å"Poetry Analysis; When I Consider How My Life is Spent by John Milton.† Yahoo! Voices. Yahoo! Inc. Jan 22, 2010. Feb 06, 2013. Web

Miley Cyrus: A Teenage Inspiration

People screaming at the top of their lungs for the rock band that they idolize; an individual buying all the books and imitating the writing style of his favorite author; a young girl imitating the clothes of her fashion idol; the aforementioned instances are familiar examples of people who are practicing the idea of fandom wherein they are becoming huge fans of famous personalities or things. The idea of becoming a fan is perceived by people in different ways.There are individuals who look at the idea of being a fan as simply liking something or someone in a degree that is not common to other people. On the other hand, there are also those people who negatively look at fans, as individuals who are going crazy or psychotic for something or someone to the point that they are becoming obsessed. There are even allegations that fans eventually become stalkers, who do untoward decisions and actions. The opposing perspective of the term â€Å"fan† entails a more in-depth study about the topic.To be able to fully understand the meaning of being a fan, it is necessary that it is given due attention and importance. In doing so, I conducted an interview with three individuals, who have different backgrounds but is idolizing the same pop star.The pop star that I focus on is Miley Cyrus. My main motivation for looking for individuals who idolizes Miley Cyrus is due to the popularity and influence of this personality. In 2008, Miley Cyrus is included in Time Magazine’s 100 most influential people in the world.Due to this, I want to find out the reasons why people idolize her and its corresponding effects to their life. Moreover, by conducting the interview with three individuals who idolize Miley Cyrus, I learn more about the idea of being a fan. Summary of Cavicchi’s Book and Argument Based on the book of Cavicchi (1998) the term â€Å"fan† is used as both descriptive and prescriptive when it comes to describing individuals that are regarded as fans. Cavicchi even states that,On the whole, it [the term â€Å"fan†] is used both descriptively and prescriptively to refer to diverse individuals and groups, including fanatics, spectators, groupies, enthusiasts, celebrity stalkers, collectors, consumers, members of subcultures, and entire audiences, and, depending on the context, to refer to complex relationships involving affinity, enthusiasm, identification, desire, obsession, possession, neurosis, hysteria, consumerism, political resistance, or a combination (39). The interest of Cavicchi with the concept of â€Å"fan† is rooted from the fact that Cavicchi himself is also a self-proclaimed fan.The book that he wrote entitled Tramps like us gives an in-depth research and analysis of being a fan, especially when it comes to its corresponding effects to the individual who is a fan of something or someone. Cavicchi uses Bruce Springsteen as an example for his central argument that fandom is actually a useful and mea ningful behavior, which allows individuals to form their identities, establish communities, and make sense out of their lives and the society as a whole. Cavicchi (1998) points out that the contribution of Bruce Springsteen in the world exemplifies the advantageous effects of fandom.In the past, many critics have noted that the songs of Bruce Springsteen is unique from other singers in a sense that it actually exist in world of its own with its respective characters, settings, words, and images. The world that Springsteen creates is actually very relevant to other people wherein individuals who only have little knowledge or none at all about Springsteen can still relate with his music. Springsteen emphasizes the world of highways and factories, loners and underdogs, and many others. As such, the themes of the songs of Springsteen actually embody the ideals and struggles of most ordinary Americans.Being the case, Springsteen was able to substantially influence the American pop cultur e and also different societal debates. Springsteen has the ability to not only speak for his fans but actually to them with directness and sincerity, which actually touches the lives of his followers.Cavicchi uses three years of ethnographic research and his own experiences and impressions as a fan in writing his book. He provides an interdisciplinary study of the ways by which ordinary individuals who have special and sustained attachments to their idols actually were able to change and affect their lives because of fandom.Furthermore, it challenges the negative perception about the term â€Å"fan†, specifically the stereotypes of fans as being obsessive, delusional, and to the point of having mental problems. Cavicchi strongly emphasizes that fandom is a normal socio-cultural activity that aids in shaping the identity of individuals. Object of Fandom Destiny Hope Cyrus also popularly known as Miley Cyrus is an American pop singer, songwriter, and actress. Her rose to fame s tarted when she stars in the Disney Channel as Hannah Montana.After the success of her television series, she released a soundtrack CD of the songs that she sang in the Hannah Montana Show. The popularity of the soundtrack CD in the American market, especially for teenagers enables her to create a solo music career with her debut album, Meet Miley Cyrus. In her first album, Miley Cyrus was able to create her first top single entitled â€Å"See You Again†. The increasing popularity of Miley Cyrus paved the way for her to launch her second album called Breakout. Both the albums of Miley Cyrus top number 1 on the Billboard 200.In addition, the single of Miley Cyrus entitled â€Å"Party in the U. S. A. † was recognized as the highest charting and fastest selling single that reach number 2 in the Billboard Hot 100. The influence of Miley Cyrus reaches different nations, which is proven by the record-breaking sales of her albums that reach more than 15 million records. Miley Cyrus also shines in the field of acting. Miley Cyrus first extended play was The Time of Our Lives. Miley Cyrus also performed in the concert/film Hannah Montana and Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert.In relation to this, Miley Cyrus also starred in Bolt wherein she recorded the soundtrack for the movie, which enables her to be nominated in the Golden Globe Awards. The hit show Hannah Montana was later produced in the film with Miley Cyrus as the lead star of the movie. Moreover, the prominence of Miley Cyrus in the society is recognized by Time magazine when she is included in the â€Å"100 Most Influential People in the World and she also ranked 35 on the â€Å"Celebrity 100† list of Forbes magazine for earning $25 million in 2008.Interviewee # 1The first interviewee is Zoe, a 16 years old girl that describes herself as an avid fan of Miley Cyrus. Zoe is a Caucasian American, who is currently studying in a public school. The interview was conducted through phone wh erein the queries in the questionnaires were asked and were substantially answered by the respondent.The main interest of Zoe mostly deals with normal young adult hobbies like shopping and hanging out friends. In addition, Zoe also stated that she is very much interested in music, especially from modern pop artist. As previously mentioned, Zoe is a self-proclaimed Miley Cyrus fan.She said that she first get acquainted with the pop star through her series in the Disney Channel, Hannah Montana. Zoe immediately likes the character of Miley in the series and she also took notice of her exceptional singing abilities. Zoe said â€Å"Miley has an exceptional and unique singing voice that can really attract its listeners, once I heard her voice she already mesmerized me. †Zoe opted to have the complete albums of Miley Cyrus instead of just downloading it from the Internet, which she said is a way for her to actually give worth to the singing ability of her idol buy adding to her CD s ales.In addition to this, Zoe is also a fan of Miley Cyrus in Facebook and she also follows her in Tweeter. The influence of Miley Cyrus on Zoe affects her fashion sense because Zoe admitted she is actually imitating the fashion sense of Miley. â€Å"I always look carefully at the outfits that she wear, as I really admire her unique fashion sense†, stated Zoe. Zoe explains in the interview that she has not really done anything outrageous as a fan of Miley, the only thing that she did is make a scrapbook of her idol, which other people finds weird.Moreover, Zoe strongly believes that Miley Cyrus exemplifies the normal life of a teenager that has to go through the awkward stage of adolescence, which Zoe can relate to. Zoe expressed in the interview that Miley Cyrus affected her life by making her believe in her dreams and do more things in her life, as Zoe said, â€Å"I can have the best of both worlds just like Miley†.Interviewee # 2The second interviewee is Samantha, a 13-years old teenage girl who is a die-hard fan of Miley Cyrus. She is an African-American that is studying in a public school.Samantha’s interests usually involve watching television, playing computer games, and the occasional going out with her friends. Samantha exclaimed â€Å"I love Miley Cyrus so much! † when asked in the interview on who is her idol. She explains in the interview that she was introduced to the pop star sensation while watching Hannah Montana because her parents only allow her to watch limited channels and this include the Disney Channel. At first, she likes the comic banter between Miley Cyrus and her dad because Samantha can actually relate to it because she said that she has the same relationship with her father.Later on, Samantha is really entertained by the singing capabilities of Miley Cyrus. In relation to this, Samantha can actually relate to the lyrics of Miley Cyrus’ songs that talks about related issues about being a teenager. S amantha keeps a collection of different Miley Cyrus memorabilia like bags, school supplies, and others. She even said that â€Å"almost all my things are Miley Cyrus inspired†. In addition, Samantha also applauds the acting capability of Miley Cyrus, especially when it comes to comedy that is why she even created her own fan page for Miley.Samantha informed me in the interview that she has not done any outrageous thing as a fan of Miley Cyrus because she believes that becoming a fan does not necessarily mean doing something â€Å"stupid†. Moreover, Samantha points out that Miley Cyrus is an inspiration to her and also to her friends because she represents teenager everywhere who are following their dreams despite the set-backs of the teenage life.Interviewee # 3The last interviewee is an 18 years old Asia who is actually on her way of going to college.She requested that I do not state her name in the paper, as she is afraid that someone might know that she is a fan of Miley Cyrus. The hesitation of this girl in admitting that she is a fan of Miley Cyrus comes from the fact that most of her peers perceived Miley Cyrus as a loser. As a result, this girl does not have any Miley Cyrus memorabilia and she does not join any networking site about Miley Cyrus. The main reason of this girl for idolizing Miley Cyrus is because she can relate with the life of the pop star.She states that â€Å"Miley Cyrus is just a typical teenager who commits mistakes like her photo scandal and other boyfriend troubles . . . she is being real to herself and to her public. † The girl idolizes Miley Cyrus because of her courage to be true to herself and to others even if she is already popular. In relation to this, she also thinks that Miley Cyrus is a strong individual that can properly handle all the criticisms that come her way. Being the case, Miley Cyrus influences this girl to also be true to herself and never give up. AnalysisBased on the answers of the three i nterviewees it is quite observable that most of Miley Cyrus fans are teenage girls who are undergoing the difficult and confusing stage of adolescence. Their main reasons for idolizing Miley Cyrus are due to her singing and acting talents as well as the way she handles herself. The interviewed fans of Miley Cyrus have not done any outrageous or stupid things for their idol because of the reason that they have other outlets in order to express their enthusiasm and support for Miley Cyrus such as buying her albums, patronizing her products, and joining/creating networking sites.However, in the situation of one girl, she cannot freely express that Miley Cyrus is her idol because of the negative perception of her friends when it comes to the pop star. From the answers of the interviewee it is clearly proven that Miley Cyrus becomes an influential and powerful personality in the society because she represents the life of most teenagers.Miley Cyrus’ songs, television series, and ev en her life exemplify the issues and problems of an average American teenager. Miley Cyrus has substantially contributed to the American pop culture because most of her fans can actually relate with her life. Moreover, Miley Cyrus has her way of actually inspiring the lives of teenagers through her songs and the characters that she portrays, which embody a strong woman that will not give up amidst the challenges of life.

Motivational Theories and Organizational Performance Relations

Motivational Theories and Organizational Performance Relations Introduction Remuneration and reward of employees are some of the ways that can be used to retain employees. By reward we mean that the efforts of the employee are recognized. Singling out and rewarding workers inspires them to look for ways of undertaking their tasks effectively and lack of it can completely dishearten them. A reward system has to be effective and able to instil the desired behaviour for efficient performance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Theories and Organizational Performance Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reward system can either use financial mechanism or non-financial. People need to be encouraged and appreciated in order to achieve their mission and that of others. Motivation is the act of encouraging someone to carry out a task better than he intended to. It is common for employees to take up jobs because of the motivation they get. Failure to motivate employee s may result in poor performance of a company. There are generally many forms of motivation, for instance, some employees are motivated by the challenges they encounter while carrying out their tasks, others are motivated by the attention they attract, while majority are motivated by the amount of money they expect to earn. The last factor plays a great role in the success of every person, most people stay in jobs because of the pay scale, the incentives, and rewards they get from their employer. This paper will look at some motivational theories as it tries to relate them with an organizational performance. Equity Theory Equity theory is one of the theories of motivation. It is used to describe the relationship between employees and the motivation they get to work hard and their perception about fair treatment in the work place. For a long time, employers have considered their employees as just inputs to be used for the production of goods and services. However, this perception is gradually fading as employers get more and more enlightened about motivating their employees. From research, it is clear that, employees are not only motivated by money, but also their attitudes. The equity theory was first developed by John Adams in early 1963. Adams was a behavioural psychologist who held that, employees are always seeking for equity between the outcomes they get out of their efforts and the inputs they bring into a company.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An employee inputs are the positive contribution he makes for the betterment of an organization including the work he does, his skills, behaviour, and experience while outcomes are the rewards he gets out of his hard work, this may be in the form of appreciation, promotion, incentives, salary rise, to name but a few (Jonathan 650). Fair treatment is a virtue that motivates employees to work hard for an organization and also to maintain a good working environment with their co-workers. When employees perceive themselves as being over or under rewarded, they may experience distress which may cause the organization to bring back equity in the relationship. Equity can be computed in terms of individual employee’s contribution and the accrued benefits (Anon. â€Å"Adams’ Equity theory† 2). This means that, the partner who contributes less (in terms of investment, or other financial resources) receives fewer benefits (in terms of financial rewards, love, or financial security). Lack of equity, in the form of underpayment may provoke anger whereas overpayment results in guilt. The major point of concern is the pecuniary reward received (whether in the form of wages or salary) and it is thus the central cause of equity or lack of the same (Diefendorff 489). When an employee feels that his contributions are not recognized in terms of pay, he tends to become hostile tow ards the organization and his performance drops. He no longer works to boost the performance of the organization but just to maintain his job position. This is when employees starts taking sick leaves or searching for other jobs. Having realized this, all organization should give priority to employee satisfaction since they are the ones responsible for its success (Denise 20). Expectancy Theory According to Taylor (117), the expectancy theory is concerned with the mental processes that an employee goes through before making a choice. It tries to describe the relation between rewards and performance. Employees perceive that they should be given rewards that consummate with their organizational performance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Theories and Organizational Performance Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a form of organizational behaviour that holds that, employees are likely to perf orm better if they perceive their rewards to be high. This motivation theory was proposed by Victor Vroom, a management specialist in Yale. It predicts that, majority of employees will seem to be motivated if they suppose that the reward they expect to get is directly proportional to the work done, and if they value the rewards expected from the organization (Swamson 6). This theory emphasizes on the need to base reward on an individual’s performance. These rewards should be able to offset the work done by the employees. It is only through this considerate rewarding that employees are motivated to work even harder because they expect the rewards to rise as their performance rises. Expectancy theory can also be used to describe employee’s behaviour in the work place. If an employee is not well competent in a given area, no reward mechanism can motivate him to perform better. It is therefore important for all organizations to consider the individuals’ personal fac tors before deciding which reward mechanism to use on them. This is because, an organization may increase the expected rewards for a particular employee as a way of motivating him to work harder but, if the respective employee does not possess the qualities needed for the job; the increase in rewards will not result in comparable improvement in performance (Lawrence 190). According to Vroom, there are three variables in the theory of expectancy, these are: Expectancy denoted as E, Valance (V), and instrumentality (I). Expectancy is the belief held by an employee that a specific action will result in a given level of outcome, valance can be defined as the strength of an individual towards achieving a preferred outcome (Smith and Mazin 60). This valance has to be positive if the individual expects to achieve the preferred outcome. On the other hand, instrumentality can be defined as the extent to which the achievement of first level outcomes determines the achievement of the second le vel.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All these factors describe the relationship between employee’s behaviour and the level of expected outcome. The higher the level of outcome, the better the behaviour of employees and the reverse is true (Richard 243). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory Abraham Maslow (a researcher), explored the connection between reward and motivation and came up with a theory called Maslow’s hierarchy of need. Maslow discovered that human beings have different types of needs that they want to be met. They include; basic needs security, self esteem, self actualization, and group needs. To fulfil these needs, sets of motivating rewards have to be used. Some of the basic needs can be fulfilled through provision of good standards of living by means of honest pay structures (Anon. â€Å"Human needs and rewards† 1). Provision of secure working environment coupled with training on safety and health issues can assist in meeting the security needs of the employees. On the other hand, reward systems on job promotion based on employee’s efforts, skills, and experience can help in raising their self esteem and meet the needs that come with it. Employees’ team working groups that are well structured with good communication help in fulfilling the group needs. Self actualization needs can be fulfilled by encouraging employee developments by use of appraisal tool where employees gauge their performance. The HRM should use a reward system that helps in meeting most of employees’ needs. This will encourage employees and motivate them to work harder to achieve the organizations goals and objectives. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation Herzberg’s two factor theory was developed after carrying out an interview among 203 American employees. Each employee was asked whether they were satisfied in any of the jobs they had taken. They all gave some positive and negative sides of each job and commented that, one is faced with differ ent challenges when he changes the work environment. Herzberg wanted to know whether there are other factors for employee satisfaction other than rewards (Storey 61). He found out that, employees are normally satisfied (or dissatisfied) with their job because of the motivators put in place (such as recognition). There are other factors called hygiene factors (such as job security, salary, and other benefits) which do not give positive satisfaction although their absence normally results in employee dissatisfaction. Motivation factors are used to motivate employees to work harder for better performance whereas hygiene factors are necessary in ensuring that an employee does not get dissatisfied with the work done. They are merely put in place to provide a favourable atmosphere for the employees but do not necessary motivate them to work. However, both factors have to be present if an organization has to perform well in the ever changing global market (Bohlander 40). Motivational Theor ies at Belcher limited The boss of Belcher Limited, Mr. Smith, did not use any of the motivational theories discussed above. For instance, Miss Emily was not given a fair salary merit. She had made a lot of contributions in her first year of employment which was not given recognition. Mr. Smith did not even approve some of her ideas and gave no explanation for the decline. This disheartened Emily and discouraged her from coming out with new ideas. It is clear that, Mr. Smith did not use the equity theory of motivation; all the employees in the accounts department were given equal salary merit (6 percent) irrespective of the contribution they had made in the company. To make it worse, one of the employees (who had been hired recently) got the highest salary merit (10 percent) simply because he was a favourite of the boss. We have seen that, the kind of reward given to any employee should be equivalent to the contributions made since this is one of the ways of motivating employees. Gi ving the new employee a ten percent salary merit did not only discourage the others, but also was not a prudent move on the part of the company. This is because reward scheme should be positively related to the work done, individual’s experience, and skills. Expectancy theory suggests that, employees make choices on how to work depending on the reward they expect to get at the end of the day. If an employee is assured of getting a higher reward for the efforts he put, then there is a likelihood of him performing better (Likert 80). However, this is not the case at Belcher limited, the reward system seems to be static and is not influenced by individual performance. Emily received the same salary merit as all the other employees although her performance was far above the others. This discouraged her and she was not even sure of what to expect in her second year of employment. This changed her organizational behaviour and general perspective of her work, she choose to take few days sick leave even though she was not sick. She even declined from giving more ideas to the company and chose to remain silent just like the others. This is a clear indication that, if an organization wants to succeed, it must recognize and reward the efforts of the work force, failure to do so results in poor performance which in turn lowers production of the organization (Halepota 18). Emily was satisfied with her job not because of the motivation it gave her, but because of the hygiene factors. She was assured of a fixed salary, job security, and other benefits including sick leave. She just enjoyed working like the others, making friends, taking some time off but was not motivated to put an extra effort. She even started looking for another job where she could get the motivation she needed because she knew that, she had a lot of potential that needed some recognition and motivation. If Belcher wants to retain its employees, it has to use all the motivation theories discussed a bove. As the employees meet the organization’s expectations, it is important for the organization to realize that the employees also have their targets that they want to be met. The employee must be appraised appropriately to enable the human resources department recognize the areas that need to be improved (Bratton and Gold 100). Those who have attained the expectations of the management should be rewarded accordingly Conclusion Few are the times when supervisors recommend employees for any task well done. They forget that employees are normal beings who feel good if appreciated. Research has proved that, recognition and praise from supervisors and managers is one of the most important reward mechanism for motivating employees. Employees feel motivated when their contribution to the organization is noticed and appreciated. Supervisors should recognize the value of employees in the organization and the importance of thanking them either through writing or verbally for their p recise contributions. Anonymous. Human needs and rewards. Web. Anonymous. Adams’ Equity theory. Balancing employee inputs and outputs. Web. https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_96.htm Bohlander, George Snell, Scott. Managing Human Resources. London: Cengage Learning, 2009. Bratton, John and Gold, Jeffrey. Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge, 2001. Denise, Weiss. Motivational interventions and their effect on corporate performance. University of South Alabama, January 2005. Database: ABI/INFORM complete. Diefendorff, James M. Motivational traits. Encyclopaedia of industrial and organizational psychology, January 2007, Vol. 2 p489-492. Halepota, Hassan Ali. Motivational theories and their application in construction. Cost engineering, March 2005, Vol. 47 Issue 3, p14-18. Jonathan, Klein. Feasibility Theory: A resource-munificence model of work motivation and behaviour. Academy of management Review, October 1990, Vol. 15 Issue 4 p646-665 . Lawrence Walker, R. beyond Expectancy theory: An integrative motivational model from health care. Academy of Management Review April 1982, Vol. 7 Issue 2, p187-194. Likert, Rensis. Motivational Approach to management development. Harvard Business Review, July 2009, Vol. 37 Issue 4 p75-82. Richard, Oliver. Expectancy theory predictions of salesmen’s performance. Journal of marketing research (JMR), August 1994, Vol. 11 Issue, p243-253. Storey, John. New perspectives on human resource management. London: Cengage Learning EMEA, 1998. Swamson, Richard. Foundations of Human Resource Development: Easy read Large Edition. San Francisco: ReadHowYouWant.com, 2009. Smith, A. Shawn and Mazin, A. Rebecca. The HR answer book: an indispensable guide for managers and human resources professionals. New York: Amacom Div American Mgmt Assn, 2004. Taylor, Michael. Employee recognition schemes- do they work? China Staff. June 2008, Vol. 14 Issue 6 p117.

Wayne LaPierre Biography - NRA Executive Director

Wayne LaPierre Biography - NRA Executive Director Since rising to the top administrative position at the National Rifle Association, Wayne LaPierre has become one of the world’s most recognized faces in gun rights advocacy. LaPierre has served as executive vice president and chief executive officer of the NRA since 1991. He has worked for the NRA since 1977. LaPierre’s position as top administrator of the nation’s largest gun-rights organization has thrust him into the public eye, particularly in politics. As a result, he is both revered by fellow gun rights advocates and a lightning rod for criticism from supporters of gun control. Wayne LaPierre: Beginnings After obtaining a masters degree in government from Boston College, LaPierre entered the lobbying industry and has been a figure in government and political advocacy for his entire career. Before joining the NRA in 1977 as a 28-year-old lobbyist, LaPierre served as a legislative aide to Virginia Delegate Vic Thomas. LaPierre’s initial job with the NRA was state liaison for the NRA Institute of Legislative Action (ILA), the organization’s lobbying arm. He was quickly named the NRA-ILA’s Director of State and Local Affairs and became executive director of the NRA-ILA in 1986. Between 1986 and 1991, LaPierre became a central figure in the gun rights niche. His move to the NRA’s executive director position in 1991 came as gun rights became a central theme in American politics for the first time since the 1960s. With the passage of the Brady Bill in 1993 and the Assault Weapons Ban in 1994 and the resulting fallout of the new gun control laws, the NRA experienced its greatest period of growth since its foundation in 1971. LaPierre’s salary as the NRA’s CEO has been reported at figures ranging from $600,000 to nearly $1.3 million, usually by critics of the NRA. LaPierre has also served on the boards of directors of the American Association of Political Consultants, American Conservative Union, Center for the Study of Popular Culture and the National Fish Wildlife Foundation. An accomplished author, LaPierre’s titles that include â€Å"Safe: How to Protect Yourself, Your Family, and Your Home,† â€Å"The Global War on Your Guns: Inside the UN Plan to Destroy the Bill of Rights† and â€Å"The Essential Second Amendment Guide.† Wayne LaPierre: Praise LaPierre is often revered by gun rights advocates because of his uncompromising defense of the Second Amendment in the face of gun control proposals and anti-gun political leaders. In 2003, LaPierre took on CNN after the cable news giant aired a segment featuring Florida Sheriff Ken Jenne, a former Democratic state representative, and his advocacy for an extension of the Assault Weapons Ban, which was set to sunset in 2004. The segment showed two AK-47 rifles being fired at cinderblocks and a bulletproof vest in an attempt to show how one, purported by CNN to be a target of the AWB, packed more firepower than a civilian model. As a result of criticism from LaPierre, who charged CNN with â€Å"deliberately faking† the story, the network ultimately admitted that the second rifle was being fired into the ground by a deputy sheriff rather than being fired into the cinderblock target. CNN, however, denied knowledge of the target switch. In the aftermath of 2011’s so-called â€Å"Fast and Furious† scandal, in which AK-47s were allowed to be sold to Mexican drug cartel members and later implicated in the deaths of two U.S. border agents, LaPierre became critical of U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder’s handling of the matter and later called for Holder’s resignation. One of the staunchest critics of President Barack Obama’s administration, LaPierre said before the president’s election that Obama harbored a greater â€Å"deep-rooted hatred of firearm freedoms† than any other presidential candidate in the NRA’s history. In 2011, LaPierre declined an invitation to join Obama, Holder, and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for talks on the subject of guns. Wayne LaPierre: Criticism Not everyone has been amused by LaPierre’s sharp tongue, however. LaPierre’s statement about ATF agents involved in the Ruby Ridge and Waco assaults being â€Å"jackbooted thugs† led former President George H.W. Bush, a lifetime member of the NRA, to resign his membership in 1995. Five years later, even Charlton Heston - the NRA’s president at the time and perhaps its most beloved spokesman ever - called LaPierre’s statement â€Å"extreme rhetoric† after LaPierre said President Bill Clinton would tolerate a certain amount of killing if it meant strengthening the case for gun control.

China and globalzation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

China and globalzation - Essay Example The internet has also led to the inevitable diversification of social, cultural, political as well as economic practices due to the high permeability of national as well as regional frontiers, which implies that decisions as well as practices in one part of the world has global consequences. Evidently, the internet and the prevalent internet technologies have inevitably opened up channels of communication, choice, while unquestionably promoting greater participation of the public in the ever growing era of globalization (MacKinnon 2008, p.31). For instance, the internet and its allied technologies have greatly impacted and shaped the development of the global public opinion concerning the U.S. throughout Asia, Western Europe, as well as in the Middle East while at the same time enabling democratization of nations by allowing their citizens to voice their own opinions concerning public policy. The spread of the internet and the rapid flows of information in China has suddenly become a critical challenge for policy makers since it can no longer be regulated effectively; precisely, the major concern of the Chinese government over the increased prevalence of the internet is that it threatens the conventional forms of information such as China’s state-controlled media . According to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, nearly 67.5% of Chinese internet users have more confidence in the utility of the internet for criticizing the government than they do in the traditional forums like the state controlled media, which is subject to excessive censoring. Chinese internet users are able to circumvent the strict control barriers of access to the internet through the help of western companies such as Safeweb, which provide untraceable internet hosting, thereby accessing banned sites such as CNN; Human Rights bodies are also increasingly using internet circumvention technologies to bypass internet censoring (Maitland,

Linear Programming essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Linear Programming - Essay Example The applications of linear programming span providing solutions to problems involving economics, computer science, and practically any other industry that requires a production schedule or an actual scheduling process. Moreover, the optimizing feature of linear programming makes it a necessity for people in the management circle to be familiar with. Simplex algorithm A linear programming model is typically solved using a simplex algorithm, or sometimes also referred to as the linear solver (Powell & Baker, 2010). The simplex algorithm involves a series of steps which employs the use of slack and basic variables to change the inequality constraints to equations so that the derived system of equations may be solved to find a feasible solution area. The extreme points of this feasible solution area are then tested by plugging them in to the objective function in order to find out which gives the optimal solution (Singiresu, 2009). Linear Programming Models There are a number of models t hat may be used to generate the solution to a linear programming model. ... Such models are generally used in manufacturing companies or supply chain networks. Another kind of linear programming model involves the blending of a number of resources to produce desired results, hence the term blending model (Baker, 2011). A typical example of this model is the â€Å"diet problem† wherein one aims to find the optimum mix of food products that will produce the maximum nutritional value. The covering model of linear programming is quite different from the first two models in such that it aims to minimize the objective function and is presented with â€Å"greater than constraints† (Powell & Baker, 2010, p. 79). This model is commonly used when minimizing a cost function and requiring the contributions to be greater than a particular value. Finally, the network model is quite unique in nature as it â€Å"describes configurations of flow in a connected system† (Baker, 2011, p. 71). Typically, a network model would require the use of a diagram whi ch aids in the finding of the optimal solution of a given problem. In all these types of linear programming models, spreadsheets may be used to provide assistance in finding the optimal solution. Excel has a built in Solver application which allows the user to simply input the coefficients of the objective function and constraints, and automatically generates values for the feasible region and the corresponding optimal solution. Sensitivity Analysis It should be noted that the task is not yet done when the optimal solution is found. It is also necessary to conduct a corresponding sensitivity analysis on the solution generated. Sensitivity analysis provides information on how instantaneous changes in the parameters of the problem would affect the optimal solution

The Changing Global Economy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words - 1

The Changing Global Economy - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Economies of Scale in micro-economics are defined as cost advantage that an enterprise enjoys with increasing scale as the cost per unit of output generally declines. Operating efficiency is also increases with economies of scale. The biggest challenge against the free market is the fear among the citizens about outsourcing. This is getting very dangerous every day in the United States. Other nations if follow this trend then the world can enter into the black days of protectionism again. And the loss for the global economy will be huge. Every day United States news broadcasters are telecasting fearsome news that millions of high paying middle-class jobs are getting out of the country. Financial and technological firms are finding that they can outsource a work with a fraction of the cost from China, India or Malaysia rather than give it to an equally qualified United States employee. This put policy maker, a government in a stressful si tuation because United States citizens have already started their protest against outsourcing. That is the reason government now making policies that will prevent the outsourcing. According to Drezner, it is a publicity stunt done by the media to sell their news by scaring the citizens on their job. He also explained his ideas that American economy is a huge one with over 130millions jobs. And like when these jobs get out of the country at that time the equal number of job created in this country. This is called â€Å"Creative Destruction†. He explained that when a firm is outsourcing its jobs from another part of the world to minimize its cost, instead of pressing the alarm we need to calculate how many well paid and higher proportions jobs are creating for that reason. If we look at this profit and loss structure we never have to panic anymore. According to statistics during 2010 the number of jobs was shifted to developing nations are 220,000. These are all low paid and lo w-quality jobs but the numbers of high paid and high-quality job created in the United States are 22milions.

Security In Different Schools Of Thought Politics Essay

Security In Different Schools Of Thought Politics Essay Political analysts agree that international security is the most important contemporary global issue. Twenty first century politics has brought urgency to consider the proliferation of weapons, increase in military spending, and terrorism. In principle, security is a condition in which States consider that there is no danger of military attack, political pressure or economic coercion, so that they are able to pursue freely their own development and progress. International security is thus the result and the sum of the security of each and every State member of the international community; accordingly, international security cannot be reached without full international co-operation. However, security is a relative rather than an absolute term. National and international security need to be viewed as matters of degree. Concepts of security are the different bases on which States and the international community as a whole relies for their security. Examples of concepts are the balance o f power, deterrence, peaceful coexistence and collective security. The reason to address security in this paper is the belief that an understanding of the broader scope of security should make it possible for states to deal more effectively, both individually and collectively, with current problems and threats to peace. So accordingly the paper will deal with analysis of security as a concept well established specially since the world war and how different schools of thought defined it. Also the current issues of human security and its impact on foreign policy options will be discussed besides the national interest debate in international relations. What is security? There is no agreement on the concept of security. Notwithstanding the wide range of studies of security published over the past sixty years, no single generally accepted definition of security has been produced. The concept of security is as contested as ever. To understand the concept of security we should first define its relation to the state, is it an internal matter related to domestic circumstances or an external matter related to international context. As a matter of fact security as a predominant issue had developed and went through various phases marked by the two world wars, the Westphalia conference also had an impact on it, the huge advance in military and technological tools had dramatic influence as well. Still the concept remained contested between different theories and theorists and between different zeit geist shaping the interests and policies of states. In the Westphalia world of internally strong states, there is less danger of internal conflict, and the international system is marked by conflicts  among  states rather than  within  them.   Since 1945, however, many of the most significant threats to state security have been internal, rather than external, a shift which has only accelerated and which may have profound consequences on the conduct of international relations. So traditionally, security was defined primarily at the nation-state level and almost exclusively through the military prism. This focus on external military threat to national security was particularly dominant during the Cold War. It would be misleading, however, to associate the origins of security studies with the Cold War and the recent nuclear threat. In the first decade after the Second World War academic interest in security studies increased significantly. Although questions of national security were usually treated within the broader framework of international relations and foreign policy, this period has been described as the most creative and exciting period in the entire history of security studies Security in different schools of thought Security has been a cornerstone in realism theories and studies; neorealism has even put more emphasis on security and power as determining factors in states decisions and position. Thus a detailed explanation of realism security view follows. While Liberal school was seen as counter theory for realism, for the interest of this paper focus will be shed on these two leading theories. Realism: Realism has been the most dominant theoretical tradition in international relations and security studies. Its philosophical foundations were laid by Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes and Rousseau. The realists world view represents international relations as a struggle for power among strategic, self-interested states. Realists discount any claims to system-wide international order other than that based ultimately on power or force. They argue that international society is best described as a condition of international anarchy, since there is no central authority to protect states from one another. States act as independent, sovereign political units that focus on their own survival (or expansion). For that reason, the objective of national security is survival of the nation-state rather than the guarantee of international security .Realists are not prepared to engage in long-term accommodation or cooperation. In this view, world politics is anarchical characterized by a state of war, not a single continuous war or constant wars but the constant possibility of war among all states. Consequently, the realist perceives a period of peace as a state of non-war. The possibility of war requires that states follow Realpolitik: be self interested, prepare for war and calculate relative balances of power. A state is constantly seeking relative gains and its behavior is therefore continuously determined to facilitate self-preservation by the actual balance of power between political powers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ this is what security stands for. As a product of presumed uncertainty, a central issue in nearly all realist theory is the security dilemma. Due to their continuous efforts to guarantee their own security and survival, states are driven to acquire more and more power in order to escape the impact of the power of others. This, in turn, constitutes a threat to the security of other states. Traditional Cold War concepts of nuclear strategies and deterrence only emphasize this line of thought. Striving to attain maximum security from attack therefore inevitably produces new insecurities. Realism is not a single theory. It could be argued that there are two crosscutting dichotomies: classical realism versus neorealism, and offensive realism versus defensive realism. Classical realists, of which one of the most influential was Hans Morgenthau believe that states, like human beings, have an innate desire to dominate others, which leads them to fight wars. In this perspective, state power and security are ends in themselves. Neorealists see the international system consisting of a number of great powers, each seeking to survive. Because the system is anarchic and has no central authority, each state has to survive on its own. This driving force of survival is the primary factor influencing their behavior and in turn ensures that states develop offensive military force, as a means to increase their relative power. The classical focus on the centrality of power shifts gradually towards a more neorealist view whereby power becomes a means to gain security. Neorealists bring attention to a persistent lack of trust between states which requires states to act in an openly aggressive manner. Though neorealists recognize that international democratic structures and liberal economics are imperative to peace, security stems from balancing strategies based on sound military capabilities. For that reason, neorealism can be considered the dominant paradigm in security studies. Despite the varieties of realist thought, all realists stress the centrality of military threat and the use of force. The referent object of security is the state; states act as strategic, self-interested units which seek to ensure their own security. In all cases, the realist concept of security has been severely criticized as being too narrow to account for the multiple dimensions of security. Liberalism: The principal challenge to realism came from liberal theory, the foundations of which were laid, by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. A central principle of liberalism is the importance of the freedom of the individual. Foreign policy should reflect the rights and duties of individuals. Liberals understanding of security differs in part from that of realists. Reflecting the aims of the individual, liberal states view security not only in military terms, but also in terms of the protection and promotion of individual rights. For example, the liberal approach to combating terrorism focuses far more on the application of legal instruments than on the use of military force. Thats to say that liberal concept of security tends to include issues such as migration, environmental concerns. Like realism, liberalism is not a single theory. Although all liberal theories imply that cooperation is more pervasive than even the defensive version of realism allows, each view offers a different recipe for promoting it. It is worth noting that Liberalism has such a powerful presence that the entire political spectrum of the Western world, it is no surprise that liberal themes are constantly invoked as a response to contemporary security dilemmas. Also Liberal theory believes in the innate goodness of mankind to conduct peace-keeping relations in the international system where States rely on mutual cooperation to tackle global issues. Managing security issues according to this theory requires the involvement of international institutions, along with the cooperation of states to achieve this.The Liberal theory of security management consists of two key methods; collective security and arms control. 1. Collective Security Liberal theorists strongly believe in the power of collective security. This is a protective measure used by a group of allied states. When threatening and unlawful actions are directed at one state, united opposition is shown by the other supporting states. The goal is to stop the aggressor while creating security in the international system. Collective security can be best described by the concept of one for all, all for one.Another important function of this security measure is to ward off potential aggressors from acting. 2. Arms Control In global politics, arms control is best described by either the controlling, reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons completely. Another approach to controlling weapons includes general disarmament. According to Liberal theory, arms proliferation and specialization can be reduced.Having fewer weapons means reduced insecurity so long as states agree to carry out this task mutually. National security and IR Human security In 1994, the United Nations Development Programs (UNDP) Human Development Report presented a new way of thinking about the integration of security issues and globalization. This report defined human security according to seven dimensions: personal, environmental, economic, political, community, health, and food security, the report adopted a people-centric security concept as its focus instead of the traditional state-centered concept The concept of human security stresses that people should be able to take care of themselves: all people should have the opportunity to meet their most essential needs and to earn their own living. This will set them free and help ensure that they can make a full contribution to development their own development and that of their communities, their countries and the world, Human security is a critical ingredient of participatory development. Human security is therefore not a defensive concept, the way territorial or military security is. Human security is a concept that identifies the security of human lives as the central objective of national and international security policy. After 1994, the concept of human security became a central theme of a number of governments through their foreign and defense policies. In particular, the Canadian, Japanese and Norwegian governments led the way in institutionalizing human security concerns into their respective foreign policies. According to a Canadian government report, human security means safety for people from both violent and non-violent threats. It is a condition or state of being characterized by freedom from pervasive threats to peoples rights, their safety, or even their lives. Also the report emphasized that increasing human security entails: Investing in human development, not in arms; Engaging policy makers to address the emerging peace dividend; Giving the United Nations a clear mandate to promote and sustain development; Enlarging the concept of development cooperation so that it includes all flows, not just aid; Agreeing that 20 percent of national budgets and 20 percent of foreign aid be used for human development; and Establishing an Economic Security Council Human security and Foreign policy: A departure from the realist, state-centered concept of security that has dominated foreign policy thinking of major powers, this conceptual reframing of security has important implications on foreign policy. It brings new issues or vulnerabilities and measures or actions as priorities for global security that were not on the security agendas, it has huge impact on foreign policy orientations especially when it comes to big powers decisions The issue of oppression and physical violence due to deliberate action and neglect by the state to its own citizens. Vulnerability to poverty and destitution as a factor inter-connected with threats of violence. Development and ending poverty as important means to achieve human security. Actors other than the state as sources of threat and as holders of obligations to protect; Global inter-connectedness of security threats (such as terrorist networks, global financial crises and global diseases) and necessary responses. Questions have been raised about the relationship between human security and state security and actions in foreign affairs. Contrary to some claims, the twokinds of security are not mutually exclusive. The security of the state is not an end in itself rather it is a means of ensuring security for people. In this context, state security and human security are in fact mutually supportive and accordingly the decisions made to maintain security of the state in foreign affairs and in international relations had a direct influence on humans security. Building an effective, democratic state that values its own people and protects minorities is central to promoting human security. At the same time, improving the human security of its people strengthens the legitimacy, stability and security of a state. So the interdependent relation is crystal clear. Human security provides a template to assess policy and practice effects on the safety of people. From a foreign policy perspective, there are a number of key consequences; First ensuring human security can involve the use of coercive measures, including sanctions and military force, as in Bosnia and Kosovo. On the other hand the human costs of strategies for promoting state and international security must be explicitly assessed. security policies such as economic sanctions, should take into account the impact on innocent people. Third, security policies must be integrated much more closely with strategies for promoting human rights, democracy, and development. Human rights and humanitarian provide the normative framework on which a human security approach is based. On the other hand one of the dividends of adopting a human security approach is that it further elaborates a people-centred foreign policy. Fourth, due to the complexity of contemporary challenges to the security of people, effective interventions involve a diverse range of actors including states, multilateral organizations, and civil society groups. As the challenges to the safety of people are transnational, effective responses can only be achieved through multilateral cooperation. This is evident in the new international instruments developed to address transnational drug trafficking, terrorism, and environmental issues. These threats link the interest of citizens in countries which enjoy a high level of human security with the interests of people in much poorer nations, who face a wider range of threats to their safety. This has a direct impact on foreign policy implementation and interests. The relationship between national and international security The changing international environment, following the advent of globalization and end of cold war politics has made it imperative for both practitioners and scholars to rethink and redefine the existing framework on which foreign policy operated. Foreign relations are in fact developed in the context of the security environment. However, security issues are no longer seen in the pure realist term of preserving the national security of the states in terms of territory only. States have aligned and realigned to further their national interest by forming new regional and economic blocs, while putting aside historical and cultural hostility, and arriving at consensus over various issues of global concerns. National and international security are becoming increasingly interrelated, thereby challenging the notion that security is primarily a function of national power or military and economic strength. Searching for solutions to the problem of insecurity, many nations increasingly find themselves face-to-face with circumstances beyond their direct control, such as a structural economic crisis and global economic, population, environmental and resource trends. All nations face universal threats posed by the nuclear arms race. Global interdependence has created a situation in which actions not only by major Powers but also by other nations can have major regional or even international repercussions. Only by recognizing that security is not divisible, either in its military, economic, social and political dimensions or as between its national and international aspects, can nations evolve the co-operative measures necessary to achieve security in an interdependent age. This requires a comprehensive and co-operative approach to international security(a liberal version of security). The unrestrained pursuit of national security interests at the expense of others is not conducive to international security and may even lead to disaster. With the existence of nuclear weapons such policies constitute a potential threat to the survival of mankind. It is imperative that nations reconcile the contradictions between individual national security interests and the overall interest of international security and peace. Conclusion